CO 1 :  Learn the principles of classification and preservation of biodiversity

CO 2 :  Understand the plant anatomical, physiological and reproductive processes.

CO 3 :  Knowledge on animal classification, physiology, embryonic development and their economic importance.

CO 4 :  Outline the cell components, cell processes like cell division, heredity and molecular processes.

CO 5 :  Comprehend the chemical principles in shaping and driving the macro molecules and life processes.

CO 1 :  Learn the history, ultra structure, diversity and importance of microorganisms.

CO 2 :   Understand the structure and functions of macro molecules.

CO 3 :   Knowledge on biotechnology principles and its applications in food and medicine.

CO 4 :   Outline the techniques, tools and their uses in diagnosis and therapy.

CO 5 :   Demonstrate the bioinformatics and statistical tools in comprehending the complex biological data.

CO 1 : 1. Understand the historical significance of microbiology and the contributions of key scientists.

CO 2 :  Recognize the classification of microorganisms and their place in the living world.

CO 3 : Comprehend the scope and applications of microbiology, including the origin of microbial life and the distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

CO 4 :  Describe the characteristics of bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and protozoa.

CO 5 :  Describe viruses, including their nature, composition, and diversity in structure.

CO 6 : Develop practical skills in aseptic techniques, growth

CO 1 :  Understand the concept of prokaryotic diversity and taxonomy.

CO 2 :  Identify and describe the salient features of various bacterial groups

CO 3 :   Comprehend the discovery, nature, and definition of viruses.

CO 4 :   Describe the replication processes of specific viruses

CO 5 :  Comprehend the concept of oncogenic viruses, and role of viruses in the ecosystem

CO 1 :  Understand the characteristics, classification, and reproductive mechanisms of fungi, algae, and protozoa.

CO 2 :  Recognize the importance of fungi in biotechnology, including their roles in food production, medicine, and agriculture.

CO 3 :  Comprehend the significance of algae in various industries, the environment, and as a source of food.

CO 4 :  Identify pathogenic protozoa and understand their impact on human health and the environment.

CO 1 :   Understand the classification and properties of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and sugar derivatives.

CO 2 :    Gain knowledge of lipids and fatty acids, including their classification, structures, functions, and their role in cell signaling and metabolism.

CO 3 :    Comprehend the structure and functions of amino acids and proteins, including their primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

CO 4 :    Learn about the structure and functions of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, as well as the concept of base composition and nucleic acid- protein interactions. They will also be introduced to the role of vitamins in metabolism.

CO 5 :    Understand the structure of enzymes, enzyme classification, and mechanisms of action. They will also learn about the factors influencing enzyme activity and various types of enzyme inhibition.

CO 1 :   Understand the principles and applications of microscopy techniques, including bright field microscopy and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), as well as staining techniques.

CO 2 :    Know various sterilization and disinfection techniques, including physical methods (dry heat, moist heat, filtration, radiation) and chemical methods (disinfectants, alcohols, aldehydes, fumigants, phenols, halogens, heavy metals).

CO 3 :    Perform pure culture isolation, maintenance and preservation of cultures, cultivation of anaerobic bacteria, and accessing viable non-culturable bacteria (VNBC).

CO 4 :   Understand the principles and applications of spectrophotometry and chromatography techniques, including UV-visible spectrophotometry, colorimetry, turbidometry, paper chromatography, and column chromatography.

CO 5 :    Gain knowledge of centrifugation principles and applications, electrophoretic techniques (agarose and SDS polyacrylamide gel), and the principles and applications of radioisotopes

CO 1 : Understand cell theory, cell organelles, the cell cycle, and the role of the cytoskeleton.

CO 2 :  Students will comprehend the structure and functions of the cell membrane, nuclear envelope, and nucleolus, as well as gain basic knowledge of cancer development.

CO 3 :  Learn about protein sorting, intracellular signal transduction pathways, programmed cell death, stem cells, and specialized chromosomes.

CO 4 : Gain knowledge of Mendelian genetics, including mono-hybrid and dihybrid crosses, inheritance patterns, and allele frequencies.

CO 5 : Understand the concepts of linkage, crossing over, the Hardy-Weinberg Law, natural selection, genetic drift, and the mechanisms of sex determination and inheritance.

CO 1 :Understand the nature of genetic material, its organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and the role of DNA and RNA.

CO 2 :Explain the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes and the involvement of enzymes and factors.

CO 3 :Recognize the characteristics, types, and applications of extra chromosomal genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons.

CO 4 :Differentiate between classical and modern concepts of genes, understand gene structure, and the process of transcription.

CO 5 : Comprehend the genetic code, translation process, and regulation of gene expression in bacteria.

CO 1 :   Understand the nutritional requirements of microorganisms and the different methods of nutrient uptake. They will also gain knowledge of different nutritional groups and types of growth media used for microbial cultivation.

CO 2 :   . Comprehend microbial growth, including the definition of growth, generation time, and the different phases of growth. They will also learn about factors influencing microbial growth and methods for measuring it.

CO 3 :   Gain knowledge of thermodynamics in biological systems, including concepts of free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. They will also learn about ATP structure and properties, oxidation-reduction reactions, and carbohydrate breakdown pathways.

CO 4 :   Understand microbial respiration, including aerobic and anaerobic respiration, chemoautotrophy, and fermentative modes.

CO 5 :    Differentiate the processes of oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis..

CO 1 :   Learn the principles and techniques of genetic engineering, including g restriction endonucleases, and DNA transformation.

CO 2 :    Understand the use of vectors and the basics of polymerase chain reacti also explore the applications of genetic engineering in industry, agr medicine.

CO 3 :    Gain knowledge of blotting techniques, DNA labeling, DNA sequenc basics of intellectual property rights.

CO 4 :    Learn about bioinformatic resources, sequence databases, sequence align use of biostatistics in data analysis.

CO 5 :   Develop skills in measuring central tendency and dispersion, understand types of data, and utilizing biostatistical software for analysis and data pr